🐘 PHP

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

class User
{
    // Typed properties (PHP 8.0+)
    public int $id;
    public string $name;
    public ?string $email = null;  // Nullable
    
    // Union types (PHP 8.0+)
    public int|float $balance;
    
    // Constructor property promotion (PHP 8.0+)
    public function __construct(
        public readonly int $id,          // readonly (PHP 8.1+)
        public string $name,
        public ?string $email = null
    ) {}
}

// Sử dụng
$user = new User(1, "Nguyen Van A", "[email protected]");
echo $user->name;  // Nguyen Van A

<?php
use Attribute;

#[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_PROPERTY)]
class Validate
{
    public function __construct(
        public string $rule,
        public string $message = ''
    ) {}
}

class Product
{
    #[Validate('required', 'Tên sản phẩm bắt buộc')]
    public string $name;
    
    #[Validate('min:0', 'Giá phải >= 0')]
    public float $price;
}

// Đọc attribute bằng Reflection
$ref = new ReflectionClass(Product::class);
foreach ($ref->getProperties() as $prop) {
    $attrs = $prop->getAttributes(Validate::class);
    foreach ($attrs as $attr) {
        $validate = $attr->newInstance();
        echo "{$prop->getName()}: {$validate->rule}\n";
    }
}

<?php
// Match expression (thay thế switch)
$status = 'pending';
$message = match($status) {
    'pending' => 'Đang chờ xử lý',
    'processing' => 'Đang xử lý',
    'completed' => 'Hoàn thành',
    'cancelled' => 'Đã hủy',
    default => 'Không xác định'
};

// Named arguments
function createOrder(
    string $product,
    int $quantity = 1,
    float $discount = 0,
    bool $priority = false
) {
    // ...
}

// Gọi với named arguments (dễ đọc hơn)
createOrder(
    product: "Laptop",
    quantity: 2,
    priority: true  // Bỏ qua discount
);

# Cài đặt Composer (nếu chưa có)
curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php

# Tạo project Laravel mới
composer create-project laravel/laravel my-app

# Hoặc dùng Laravel installer
composer global require laravel/installer
laravel new my-app

# Chạy development server
cd my-app
php artisan serve
# => http://127.0.0.1:8000

<?php
// app/Models/Post.php
namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany;

class Post extends Model
{
    protected $fillable = ['title', 'content', 'user_id'];
    
    // Relationships
    public function user(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(User::class);
    }
    
    public function comments(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
    }
    
    // Scope (query builder helper)
    public function scopePublished($query)
    {
        return $query->where('status', 'published');
    }
}

// Sử dụng
$posts = Post::published()
    ->with(['user', 'comments'])  // Eager loading
    ->orderBy('created_at', 'desc')
    ->paginate(10);

// Tạo mới
$post = Post::create([
    'title' => 'Bài viết mới',
    'content' => 'Nội dung...',
    'user_id' => auth()->id()
]);

<?php
// app/Http/Controllers/Api/PostController.php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\Api;

use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Models\Post;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse;

class PostController extends Controller
{
    public function index(): JsonResponse
    {
        $posts = Post::with('user')->latest()->paginate(15);
        
        return response()->json([
            'success' => true,
            'data' => $posts
        ]);
    }
    
    public function store(Request $request): JsonResponse
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'title' => 'required|string|max:255',
            'content' => 'required|string',
        ]);
        
        $post = $request->user()->posts()->create($validated);
        
        return response()->json([
            'success' => true,
            'data' => $post,
            'message' => 'Tạo bài viết thành công'
        ], 201);
    }
}

# Cài đặt PHP CS Fixer
composer require --dev friendsofphp/php-cs-fixer

# Tạo config file .php-cs-fixer.php
# Chạy fix
./vendor/bin/php-cs-fixer fix src/